Privacy Policy for environmentenergy.blogspot.com
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Wednesday, October 13, 2010
Industrial Hydrogen Pipelines Get a Boost from Lamination
The infrastructure and technology exists today to begin using hydrogen as a fuel. This will involve the proliferation of onsite hydrogen production using electrolysis or reformation from natural gas as well as neighborhood stations.
We have a sprawling, million mile natural gas pipeline network but only seven hundred miles of hydrogen pipeline, primarily serving high volume users such as Gulf Coast region refineries. In addition to the short pipelines serving high volume users, we ship tanks of hydrogen in either compressed or liquefied form. This is acceptable if you need hydrogen for some chemical manufacturing process, but it's a poor way to transport energy. The liquefaction process alone eats up 30% of the energy value of any hydrogen transported in this fashion.
But thanks to recent innovations, that hydrogen pipeline network could spread.
Early attempts to integrate hydrogen into existing pipelines tests supplementing natural gas with up to 20% hydrogen. This worked well for combustion but not for transport. Pipeline welds that easily stopped the larger natural gas molecules were quite willing to let hydrogen slip through, resulting in losses and the potential for fires and explosions where the gas accumulated.
Plastics and metals had long been used for piping, but plastics are permeable to hydrogen and metals are subject to hydrogen embrittlement as well as being permeable. Hydrogen molecules are a pair of atoms, and they pass through plastics still joined together. When presented with a metal barrier, the hydrogen atoms must dissociate, pass through the metal as individual atoms, and then find a partner again on the other side of the barrier.
Where others saw a problem, Greg Blencoe of Hydrogen Discoveries saw opportunity. Laminating layers of plastic and metal produced a result much tighter than any single pipeline material. The challenge is to find the right materials. The best structural metals in terms of resistance to hydrogen embrittlement are copper, aluminum, and stainless steel. Copper and stainless steel are relatively expensive and function well in some applications, while inexpensive, durable aluminum would make up the bulk of the metal in any long distance pipeline. The best plastic is high density polyethylene, one of the most common plastics made today.
Even with the sandwich of different materials, some of the hydrogen will still escape--both directly through the pipeline and, in particular, at the joints. Some scheme must be implemented to collect and reintroduce the gas or consume it. Various methods involving either an air or water jacket around the pipeline are effective depending on the volume of hydrogen carried and the distance it must traverse.
Limiting the number of joints in the line is another means of reducing leakage. Fiberspar's spools of laminated pipe or Smart Pipe Company's mobile fabrication are a means to achieve this goal. Smart Pipe's claim to fame is the ability to run their product through existing pipelines for distances of up to ten miles. A very large portion of pipeline installation cost, perhaps as much as 90 percent, comes from digging and installation, so this process could make the conversion of existing natural gas lines to hydrogen an attractive option.
Given the relative complexity of this style of pipeline it will be used at first as a replacement material in existing oil refineries. Between that event and the far horizon of a large scale national hydrogen pipeline network, the incremental step seems obvious: the hydrogen used in Louisiana's refinery row could be made using wind energy from the Texas plains and then piped to where it is needed.
We have a sprawling, million mile natural gas pipeline network but only seven hundred miles of hydrogen pipeline, primarily serving high volume users such as Gulf Coast region refineries. In addition to the short pipelines serving high volume users, we ship tanks of hydrogen in either compressed or liquefied form. This is acceptable if you need hydrogen for some chemical manufacturing process, but it's a poor way to transport energy. The liquefaction process alone eats up 30% of the energy value of any hydrogen transported in this fashion.
But thanks to recent innovations, that hydrogen pipeline network could spread.
Early attempts to integrate hydrogen into existing pipelines tests supplementing natural gas with up to 20% hydrogen. This worked well for combustion but not for transport. Pipeline welds that easily stopped the larger natural gas molecules were quite willing to let hydrogen slip through, resulting in losses and the potential for fires and explosions where the gas accumulated.
Plastics and metals had long been used for piping, but plastics are permeable to hydrogen and metals are subject to hydrogen embrittlement as well as being permeable. Hydrogen molecules are a pair of atoms, and they pass through plastics still joined together. When presented with a metal barrier, the hydrogen atoms must dissociate, pass through the metal as individual atoms, and then find a partner again on the other side of the barrier.
Where others saw a problem, Greg Blencoe of Hydrogen Discoveries saw opportunity. Laminating layers of plastic and metal produced a result much tighter than any single pipeline material. The challenge is to find the right materials. The best structural metals in terms of resistance to hydrogen embrittlement are copper, aluminum, and stainless steel. Copper and stainless steel are relatively expensive and function well in some applications, while inexpensive, durable aluminum would make up the bulk of the metal in any long distance pipeline. The best plastic is high density polyethylene, one of the most common plastics made today.
Even with the sandwich of different materials, some of the hydrogen will still escape--both directly through the pipeline and, in particular, at the joints. Some scheme must be implemented to collect and reintroduce the gas or consume it. Various methods involving either an air or water jacket around the pipeline are effective depending on the volume of hydrogen carried and the distance it must traverse.
Limiting the number of joints in the line is another means of reducing leakage. Fiberspar's spools of laminated pipe or Smart Pipe Company's mobile fabrication are a means to achieve this goal. Smart Pipe's claim to fame is the ability to run their product through existing pipelines for distances of up to ten miles. A very large portion of pipeline installation cost, perhaps as much as 90 percent, comes from digging and installation, so this process could make the conversion of existing natural gas lines to hydrogen an attractive option.
Given the relative complexity of this style of pipeline it will be used at first as a replacement material in existing oil refineries. Between that event and the far horizon of a large scale national hydrogen pipeline network, the incremental step seems obvious: the hydrogen used in Louisiana's refinery row could be made using wind energy from the Texas plains and then piped to where it is needed.
Welcome to “Energy and Environment”
We officially inform everybody that from today onward the website is available. More information about the website structure and features will follow .
Whoever would like to give suggestions and support please do it!
Whoever would like to give suggestions and support please do it!
E factors of Indonesia Outlook
The other day I got acquainted with Anup Shah, a British student of Indian descent who is active once wrote about global issues, such as, poverty, climate change, energy, geopolitics, AIDS, and so forth. I conclude that all the above issues being faced by various countries around the world, without exception. But I think the solution must be tailored to the dynamics of life in each country, in other words, there is no one solution to every issue above.
Yoshihiro Yamakawa, in a journal titled "new energy options for 21st Century", write 3 things that become most important world issues (3E-Trilema) include Energy-Economy-Environment, and was in fact so, this is the most important issues the world today. But whether by applying clean energy technology, and encourage growth in the preservation Economy Environment? Vice versa, with the interrelationships of three critical factors above. Then I imagine a glimpse of our beloved country to the condition in Indonesia, is appropriate if these 3 factors dynamics encourage one another, then a global issue above 100% can be resolved? In my opinion no. It should be a factor again, this is what I call no one specific solution for every problem.
Energy is a key variable in the economy, there is a significant relationship between the productivity of society against the supply of energy, even energy has long been a geopolitical issue. Energy is not separated from environmental issues, that's why clean energy technologies on the rise today. Standardization of goods also began to incorporate environmentally friendly variable, then do not be surprised if the goods labeled as it started to gain priority in the market. Energy-Environment-Economy.
Yoshihiro Yamakawa, in a journal titled "new energy options for 21st Century", write 3 things that become most important world issues (3E-Trilema) include Energy-Economy-Environment, and was in fact so, this is the most important issues the world today. But whether by applying clean energy technology, and encourage growth in the preservation Economy Environment? Vice versa, with the interrelationships of three critical factors above. Then I imagine a glimpse of our beloved country to the condition in Indonesia, is appropriate if these 3 factors dynamics encourage one another, then a global issue above 100% can be resolved? In my opinion no. It should be a factor again, this is what I call no one specific solution for every problem.
Energy is a key variable in the economy, there is a significant relationship between the productivity of society against the supply of energy, even energy has long been a geopolitical issue. Energy is not separated from environmental issues, that's why clean energy technologies on the rise today. Standardization of goods also began to incorporate environmentally friendly variable, then do not be surprised if the goods labeled as it started to gain priority in the market. Energy-Environment-Economy.
Different countries different solutions. Indonesia country really complex, and complex problems as well. It is very difficult to solve a problem with glasses 1 review (1-specific solutions), is associated with the human factor Indonesia diverse backgrounds. Then there are factors called "Empathy" as a comprehensive solution rather than a specific solution.
Empathy in fact already become a tradition or spirit of Indonesian society since the first. Empathy for the environment, Empathy towards fellow human beings, and so forth. I do not blame empathy began to fade, due to factors such a strong urge Economy, people began to care about the environment / natural surroundings, Air, Land, Air, and even mental too. Energy from Empathy, Empathy for Energy.
Empathy in fact already become a tradition or spirit of Indonesian society since the first. Empathy for the environment, Empathy towards fellow human beings, and so forth. I do not blame empathy began to fade, due to factors such a strong urge Economy, people began to care about the environment / natural surroundings, Air, Land, Air, and even mental too. Energy from Empathy, Empathy for Energy.
Environment, Energy and Resilience
The ESRC funds world class research in a number of areas linked to the effects of environmental change, economics, human behaviour, health and technologies.
Research has had an input into the Copenhagen Conference, providing evidence, data and guidance to negotiators and policy makers.
These pages provide an overview of ESRC and joint-funded research related to environment issues. The research presented looks both at how to prevent and how to live with an altered climate.
Research has had an input into the Copenhagen Conference, providing evidence, data and guidance to negotiators and policy makers.
These pages provide an overview of ESRC and joint-funded research related to environment issues. The research presented looks both at how to prevent and how to live with an altered climate.
Energy & Environment
Whether it's called 'greentech' or 'cleantech,' the Toronto Region is dynamic hub of activity in the renewable energy and environment sectors. Strong public interest, innovative government programs and a diverse industrial base form a vibrant green economy. More than 36,000 employees in over 1,700 companies provide alternative energy and cleantech products and services across a wide range of sub-sectors, including: air/gasses, biomass, electricity, fuels, hydrogen, nuclear, solar, water, wind, and waste.
Advantages
* Located on the shores of the Great Lakes - the world's largest fresh water source
* 1.8 million acre Greenbelt is an area of permanently protected green space, farmland, vibrant communities, forests, wetlands, and watersheds
* Cost-competitive base of operations with first-class business and financial services infrastructure
* Critical mass of green sector professionals specializing in energy, environment, strategy, green buildings and marketing consulting
* World-class advanced manufacturing and R&D capacity, including alternative energy research and innovative cleantech products
* Political leadership around sustainability and commitment to large-scale infrastructure spending that will serve as catalysts for expanding greentech manufacturing
* Rich green social capital built around a vibrant not-for-profit, association, research and advocacy sector.
Greentech Initiatives
The Toronto Region is home to numerous initiatives that promote environmental sustainability and economic development. These projects involve a range of partners including business, government and nonprofit organizations. The Ontario Green Energy Act and regional government programs and policies also support the growing green economy in Ontario.
Click here for a list of greentech projects and programs.
Research in alternative energy
Internationally-recognized universities advance renewable energy research and environmental technologies research. These research facilities are the source of Innovative green technologies and products that fuels this burgeoning cleantech sector. They also produce a well-educated and highly-skilled workforce. Leading institutes that focus on cleantech innovation, energy research and development and environmental research and technology include:
The Centre of Excellence for Earth and Environmental Technologies facilitates the development and execution of environmental research that drives commercially viable outcomes contributing to clean air, water, land, and smart infrastructures
World-class energy research facilities at the Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy (WISE) include the new Centre for Advanced Photovoltaic Devices and Systems (CAPDS)
McMaster Institute for Energy Studies (MIES) offers innovative programs in photovoltaics, solar, wind, fuel cells, nuclear energy and conservation and energy modeling
University of Toronto Centre for Emerging Energy Technologies focuses on commercialization of emerging energy technologies, including fuel cells and renewable energy sources
The pioneering Guelph Institute for the Environment (GIE) link researchers, communities and policy makers to address 21st century environmental problems
Advantages
* Located on the shores of the Great Lakes - the world's largest fresh water source
* 1.8 million acre Greenbelt is an area of permanently protected green space, farmland, vibrant communities, forests, wetlands, and watersheds
* Cost-competitive base of operations with first-class business and financial services infrastructure
* Critical mass of green sector professionals specializing in energy, environment, strategy, green buildings and marketing consulting
* World-class advanced manufacturing and R&D capacity, including alternative energy research and innovative cleantech products
* Political leadership around sustainability and commitment to large-scale infrastructure spending that will serve as catalysts for expanding greentech manufacturing
* Rich green social capital built around a vibrant not-for-profit, association, research and advocacy sector.
Greentech Initiatives
The Toronto Region is home to numerous initiatives that promote environmental sustainability and economic development. These projects involve a range of partners including business, government and nonprofit organizations. The Ontario Green Energy Act and regional government programs and policies also support the growing green economy in Ontario.
Click here for a list of greentech projects and programs.
Research in alternative energy
Internationally-recognized universities advance renewable energy research and environmental technologies research. These research facilities are the source of Innovative green technologies and products that fuels this burgeoning cleantech sector. They also produce a well-educated and highly-skilled workforce. Leading institutes that focus on cleantech innovation, energy research and development and environmental research and technology include:
The Centre of Excellence for Earth and Environmental Technologies facilitates the development and execution of environmental research that drives commercially viable outcomes contributing to clean air, water, land, and smart infrastructures
World-class energy research facilities at the Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy (WISE) include the new Centre for Advanced Photovoltaic Devices and Systems (CAPDS)
McMaster Institute for Energy Studies (MIES) offers innovative programs in photovoltaics, solar, wind, fuel cells, nuclear energy and conservation and energy modeling
University of Toronto Centre for Emerging Energy Technologies focuses on commercialization of emerging energy technologies, including fuel cells and renewable energy sources
The pioneering Guelph Institute for the Environment (GIE) link researchers, communities and policy makers to address 21st century environmental problems
The Alternative Gene Therapy – Energy Catalyst – The Secret of GP Deva Energy
In English conversation, the word "chemistry" is often used to describe things or concepts that are hard to understand. "What is the chemistry? I really don’t know the chemistry." If you understand English, you know that the meaning is "What is this thing? This is something I really don’t understand." These words are true in many situations in our lives while chemistry is so unmistakably described as a branch of study. There are indeed many critical points that are not so easy to figure out.
In the past few thousand years, chemistry has been closely related to human civilization since any business having to do with man involves chemical operations. The intricate correlations are usually so puzzling and so deeply entwined with physics that they could spin the head. Nonetheless, due to the great efforts of past generations and the advancement of technology, we have vaguely realized that two important factors characterize chemistry as a unique branch of study. One is bond-bond formation; the other is the catalysis. Out of these two, one is related to the formation of a new mass as well as energy conversion and storage; the other is involved in how to transform the energy effectively. Once these problems are clarified, a doctoral degree in chemistry is at your fingertips. Better yet, the Nobel prize may be waiting.
In the past few thousand years, chemistry has been closely related to human civilization since any business having to do with man involves chemical operations. The intricate correlations are usually so puzzling and so deeply entwined with physics that they could spin the head. Nonetheless, due to the great efforts of past generations and the advancement of technology, we have vaguely realized that two important factors characterize chemistry as a unique branch of study. One is bond-bond formation; the other is the catalysis. Out of these two, one is related to the formation of a new mass as well as energy conversion and storage; the other is involved in how to transform the energy effectively. Once these problems are clarified, a doctoral degree in chemistry is at your fingertips. Better yet, the Nobel prize may be waiting.
Back to the subject, the majority of people are still unclear: what is the chemistry? What am I talking about? I feel a need to explain a little bit on bond-bond formation and catalysis. I know that my knowledge is limited; however, out of sincere enthusiasm, I hope that my explanation would not show too much of my ignorance.
Bond-Bond Formation and Catalysis
Bond-bond formation and catalysis take place around and inside us continually. Let’s take photosynthesis for a simple example. Bond-bond formation and deformation are heavily involved. As we already known, photosynthesis requires air, sunlight, and water, of which plants make use of to produce nutrition. Without these elements, plants cannot survive. As for the by-product of photosynthesis – oxygen, it is even indispensable to a human life. All of these shed light on the importance of bond-bond formation and deformation.
As a matter of fact, our study on photosynthesis commenced just several decades ago. Further research has found that the actual substances of the air involved in photosynthesis are CO2 and H2O. Sunlight is the energy that sustains this reaction while chlorophyll plays the role of catalyst, transforming solar energy into chemical energy. This reaction yields carbonic acid that enters plant’s metabolic system to eventually produce carbohydrates and oxygen for the support and balance of the entire biological system.
As a matter of fact, our study on photosynthesis commenced just several decades ago. Further research has found that the actual substances of the air involved in photosynthesis are CO2 and H2O. Sunlight is the energy that sustains this reaction while chlorophyll plays the role of catalyst, transforming solar energy into chemical energy. This reaction yields carbonic acid that enters plant’s metabolic system to eventually produce carbohydrates and oxygen for the support and balance of the entire biological system.
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